The Burden of Waterborne Diseases in the United States
Waterborne diseases pose a significant burden on public health, resulting in illnesses, emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and even deaths. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), an estimated 7.15 million illnesses were caused by 17 waterborne pathogens in the United States in 2014 alone. These illnesses led to 601,000 emergency department visits, 118,000 hospitalizations, and tragically, 6,630 deaths. The direct healthcare costs for these hospitalizations and emergency department visits amounted to a staggering $3.33 billion.
Common Contaminated Water Diseases
Waterborne diseases can be caused by various pathogens, including bacteria, parasites, and viruses. Understanding which waterborne pathogens are responsible for the most diseases is crucial for effective disease prevention and mitigation efforts. CDC has identified several common waterborne diseases in the United States, including:
- Campylobacteriosis: This bacterial infection is often caused by consuming contaminated water or food. It can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever.
- Cryptosporidiosis: Cryptosporidium, a parasite, is a common cause of waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. It can cause severe diarrhea, stomach cramps, and dehydration.
- Giardiasis: The Giardia parasite is responsible for this intestinal infection. Symptoms may include diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain.
- Legionnaires' disease: Legionella bacteria, typically found in water systems such as plumbing, can cause severe pneumonia-like symptoms.
- Norovirus: Norovirus is highly contagious and can spread through contaminated water or food. It leads to symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps.
Private Wells and Water Testing
Unlike public drinking water supplies regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), private wells are the responsibility of their owners. Private well owners must take proactive measures to ensure the safety of their drinking water. Regular testing is essential to identify potential issues and protect against waterborne diseases.
If you own a private well, it is recommended to test your water at least once a year. This testing should cover mechanical problems, cleanliness, coliform bacteria, nitrates, and any other germs or chemicals of local concern. Additionally, it is crucial to check your well after flooding or if you suspect any changes in taste or smell. Wells can become contaminated with germs and chemicals during flooding, especially if they are shallow, dug or bored, or covered by flood water for an extended period.