Permit Driving Rules: State-By-State Guide (December 2025)

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Sarah Edwards

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Reviewed By Adam Ramirez, J.D.

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How do permit driving rules differ by state? Quick Answer

  • Every state uses a graduated driver's licensing system with learner's permits as the first tier, but minimum ages, holding periods, and supervision requirements vary significantly by state.

Summary

  • Every state has a graduated driver’s licensing system
  • A three-tier system includes a learner’s permit as the first step
  • Permit driving rules restrict a novice driver’s activities

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Graduated Driver’s Licensing

Graduated driver’s licensing is not a new idea. Some states have issued learner’s permits since the 1970s. States began a more uniform approach in 1996 when Florida implemented the first three-tier graduated driver’s license (GDL) system. By 2006, every state plus Washington D.C. had passed laws adopting a comparable GDL system with either two or three tiers.

The system includes an introductory tier for new drivers. These drivers receive instruction or learner’s permits so they can acquire experience while driving with supervising adults. Once they have the required number of hours, they can exchange their permits for licenses.

These driver’s licensing systems typically include the following three steps:

Instruction or Learner’s Permit

An instruction or learner’s permit allows the teen to practice driving outside of a driver’s education course. Teens usually must meet certain qualifications to obtain their permit, including:

  • Attending or passing driver’s ed
  • Passing the written driver’s license exam
  • Passing a vision test
  • Having insurance

Once issued, the learner can drive while supervised by an adult to acquire driving experience and practice for the state’s road test.

Provisional Driver’s License

After the teen completes the experience requirements and passes the road test, states usually issue a provisional license. These licenses give teens the ability to drive unsupervised. However, they typically come with limitations on driving at night or with passengers.

Driver’s License

The provisional license usually lasts until the driver reaches a certain age. For example, in some states, the provisional license automatically becomes a driver’s license when the driver turns 18 and has a clean driving record without any moving violations, speeding tickets, at-fault crashes or charges for DUI.

How to Apply for a Learner's Permit

When applying for a learner’s permit, you will need to pass a written test that focuses on traffic laws and the rules of the road. Before taking the exam, it’s necessary to obtain a driver’s manual. You should never attempt to take this test without reviewing the manual.

You can visit your local Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV), where you can get a free copy. Some DMVs allow you to download the manual right from their site.

The driver’s manual offers insight into all of the regulations you will need to be aware of, not just to pass the exam, but to be a safe driver and avoid motor vehicle accidents. Don’t try to learn everything the night before the exam. Instead, take a few weeks to read the manual and absorb the information.

There are practice written tests that you can take to see whether you’re ready to take the official one. All you have to do is select your location to get a state-specific exam. You’ll be able to get a sense of the weak points you may have in your knowledge so that you can target problem areas.

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Permit Driving Rules

States impose restrictions on drivers with instruction or learner’s permits because they lack experience, which is the same reason their car insurance is higher. By allowing teens to gain experience in a supervised environment, they reduce their risk of a car accident, as well as the injuries and property damage accidents cause.

What are the rules of having a permit? States vary in the permit driving time rules they impose, although many have restrictions in the following areas:

Minimum Age

Iowa, for example, allows teens to apply for an instruction permit when they turn 14 years old. In Massachusetts, teens must be at least 16 years old to submit a learner’s permit application.

Can someone with a permit drive with an 18-year-old? In most states, the answer is no. The supervisor must also meet age requirements in many states.

How old do you have to be to drive with a permit driver? The minimum age for a licensed driver to accompany a driver with a learner's permit is set by the individual states. The age ranges anywhere from 20 to 25 years old for the supervisor depending on the state that issued the permit.

Minimum Holding Period

Mississippi has one of the longest holding periods at 12 months. New Hampshire does not issue learner’s permits but allows teens to accumulate the experience required for a provisional license by riding with an adult at least 25 years old. Once the learner accumulates those hours and meets the age requirement, they can apply for the provisional license.

Supervised Driving Hours

The number of supervised driving hours the learner must accumulate varies by state. Texas has one of the lowest minimums at 30 hours, while Pennsylvania requires 65 hours.

Nighttime Driving Restrictions

What hours are you not allowed to drive with a permit? Many states require at least some supervised driving to happen at night. For example, both Texas and Pennsylvania require at least 10 hours of night driving.

Passenger Restrictions

If you have your permit, who can you drive with? The answer to this question depends on your state. Some states allow you to carry passengers of any age or relationship. Other states only allow learners to drive with family members.

For example, California has no restrictions on passengers riding with a permitted driver as long as a supervisor is present. Moreover, once the driver receives their driver’s license, they cannot transport passengers without a parent, driving instructor, or other adult present for the first 12 months.

With that said, if younger children are passengers, drivers must also follow child restraint laws, which vary by state and can carry serious penalties if violated.

Phone Restrictions

Most states prohibit teens from using their phones while driving. For example, Maine prohibits teens with learner’s permits from texting or talking on their cell phones, even in hands-free mode or while using headphones.

Zero Tolerance

Most states have a zero-tolerance law. These laws impose a mandatory license suspension for any minor stopped with any amount of alcohol in their system. New York only imposes driver’s license suspension and a fine, while Ohio can sentence a teen to up to 30 days in jail for underage OVI.

Example Learner’s Permit Restrictions by State

You should understand your state’s driving permit rules over 18 and under. Whether you’re wondering, “Do you need 6 hours of driving to get your permit in NJ at 17?” or whether you can have a friend in the car in Florida, here are some examples:

California Driving Permit Rules

To get a driving permit, California residents must be at least 15.5 years of age and be supervised by a parent/guardian or licensed driver who is at least 25.

To get a driving permit, California drivers 18 or over don’t have to take driver’s education courses.

Colorado Driving Permit Rules

Colorado driving permit rules require you to be at least 15 and be supervised by a parent/guardian (or licensed driver 21 or older).

Florida Driving Permit Rules

Florida driving permit rules require you to be at least 15. You might wonder — is it legal to be driving alone with permit over 21 in Florida? Unfortunately, driving alone with permit over 21 in Florida is prohibited.

Illinois Driving Permit Rules

Illinois requires you to be at least 15, but Illinois driving permit for adults have different rules. If you’re between 18 and 20, you must take a course before licensing, but you don’t need an Illinois driving permit for adults to apply for a license.

Michigan Driving Permit Rules

There are different rules for a Michigan driving permit over 18. A Michigan driving permit over 18 is called a temporary instruction permit (TIP), and it requires you to have 30 days of practice.

Minnesota Driving Permit Rules

The permit driving rules MN has are different from other states. You must stay off the road from 12-5 a.m. for the first six months. However, the permit driving rules MN has allow an exception if you’re with a licensed driver 25 or older.

New Jersey Driving Permit Rules

Do you need 6 hours of driving to get your permit in NJ at 17? No — but you need six hours of behind-the-wheel instruction to get a driver’s license.

New York Driving Permit Rules

Driving permit rules over 18 in NY are no different than those for younger drivers. Driving permit rules over 18 in NY also restrict where you can drive to reduce the risk of accidents.

Ohio Driving Permit Rules

Ohio driving permit laws over 21 impose some restrictions. However, Ohio driving permit laws over 21 require less practice time.

Texas Driving Permit Rules

Texas driving permit rules require you to be at least 15 and be accompanied by a licensed driver 21 or older.

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Interstate Driving Rules for Permit Holders

As a learner’s permit holder, you are allowed to travel to other states. All of your permit’s restrictions still apply, however. Additionally, you will need to observe the restrictions that the states you’re visiting have. For example, even if your state allows you to have a permit if you’re under 16, New York law doesn’t allow those under 16 to operate a car.

You must have a licensed adult in the vehicle with you at all times while you’re driving. They must meet the age and experience requirements not only of your home state but also of your host state.

In most instances, you’re required to have someone in the vehicle with you who is at least 21 years old and has a valid license for the type of vehicle you’re driving.

You may also face restrictions on nighttime driving that are different from those of your home state. Some states allow permit holders to drive until 11 p.m., while others, like Illinois, only allow permit drivers on the road from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m.

Knowing about these restrictions can help you avoid getting pulled over and ticketed. This could impact when you’ll be allowed to get your full license.

Before you travel, ensure that you have all of your license, vehicle registration and insurance information on hand.

Permit Driving Rules by State

State
Minimum Permit Age
Minimum Holding Period (Months)
Total Supervised Driving Hours
Night Supervised Driving Hours
Alabama
15
6
50 (0 with driver education)
0
Alaska
14
6
40
10 (or in inclement weather)
Arizona
15, 6 months
6
30
10 (0 with driver education)
Arkansas
14
6
0
0
California
15, 6 months
6
50
10
Colorado
15
12
50
10
Connecticut
16
6 (4 months with driver education)
40
0
Delaware
16
6
50
10
District of Columbia
16
6
40
0
Florida
15
12
50
10
Georgia
15
12
40
6
Hawaii
15, 6 months
6
50
10
Idaho
14, 6 months
6
50
10
Illinois
15
9
50
10
Indiana
15
6
50
10
Iowa
14
12
20
2
Kansas
14
12
25
10
Kentucky
15
6
60
10
Louisiana
15
6
50
15
Maine
15
6
70
10
Maryland
15, 9 months
9
60
10
Massachusetts
16
6
40
0
Michigan
14, 9 months
6
50
10
Minnesota
15
6
40
15
Mississippi
15
12
0
0
Missouri
15
6
40
10
Montana
14, 6 months
6
50
10
Nebraska
15
6
50
10
Nevada
15, 6 months
6
50
10
New Hampshire
15, 6 months
0
40
10
New Jersey
16
6
50
10
New Mexico
15
6
50
10
New York
16
6
50
15
North Carolina
15
9
60 (12 for intermediate phase)
10 (6 intermediate phase)
North Dakota
14
<16 years: 12, >16 years: 6
<16 years: 50, ≥ 16 years: 0
0
Ohio
15, 6 months
6
50
10
Oklahoma
15
6
50
10
Oregon
15
6
50 (100 hours without driver education)
0
Pennsylvania
16
6
65
10 and 5 in inclement weather
Rhode Island
16
6
50
10
South Carolina
15
6
40
10
South Dakota
14
9 (6 with driver education)
50
10 and 10 in inclement weather
Tennessee
15
6
50
10
Texas
15
6
30
10
Utah
15
6
40
10
Vermont
15
12
40
10
Virginia
15, 6 months
9
45
15
Washington
15
6
50
10
West Virginia
15
6
50
10
Wisconsin
15
6
50
10
Wyoming
15
10 (days)
50
10

Data updated in November 2025. Source: IIHS

Get Help From ConsumerShield

Violating permit rules can result in harsh sanctions like a delay in when the teen can obtain a full driver’s license. Worse yet, teens who disregard rules may cause car accidents. ConsumerShield can help people who need information about permit rules. Contact us for a free case evaluation and a lawyer referral.

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Frequently Asked Questions

  • Most states allow nighttime driving. In fact, some states require learners to acquire a minimum amount of supervised driving experience at night. The rules change when a driver receives a provisional driver’s license. Most states limit nighttime driving for provisionally licensed drivers. The exact hours vary by state.

  • Most states only allow permit holders to drive while supervised. The most common requirements for supervised driving include:

    • Minimum age, such as 21 years old
    • Minimum driving experience, such as holding a driver’s license for two years

    However, states vary in the minimum qualifications to supervise a permitted driver.

  • Some states limit the number of passengers learners can carry. For example, some states only allow the learner to drive their supervisor. Other states allow the supervisor and family members. Other states permit any number of passengers, related or not, as long as at least one qualifies as a supervisor.

  • Most states do not restrict learners from driving in adverse conditions, like rain. At the same time, most states do not require learners to acquire supervised driving experience by driving in the rain. Thus, a learner can choose whether to drive in the rain in most states.

  • The minimum age for supervisors typically ranges from 20 to 25 years old, depending on the state that issued the permit. Most states also require the supervisor to be a licensed driver with a clean driving record.

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